What Is Arc? The Stablecoin Blockchain From USDC Issuer Circle

Circle, the company behind the USDC stablecoin, has launched a new blockchain platform called Arc. Unlike blockchains like Ethereum or Solana, Arc is a layer-1 network designed specifically to support stablecoin-based applications.

Stablecoins are tokens whose value is tied to fiat currencies such as the dollar. Arc is Circle’s effort to address the infrastructure challenges that limit the adoption of stablecoins at an institutional scale.

“We’ve helped enterprises and builders use USDC across dozens of networks,” Rachel Mayer, VP of Product Management at Circle, told Decrypt. “The consistent feedback has been: make costs predictable, settlement finality deterministic, and privacy compatible with real-world obligations.”

This article will explain what Arc is, how it works, and what Circle says sets it apart from other blockchain platforms.

Why Circle built Arc

While a part of the crypto market for years, stablecoins like USDT and USDC have seen growing interest and adoption following the passage of the GENIUS Act, which President Donald Trump signed into law in July 2025.

However, Circle argues that most existing blockchains were not designed to support stablecoins. Common limitations that Circle points to include:

• 🎢 Fee volatility
• ⛓️ Probabilistic settlement with risk of chain reorganizations
• 🕵️ Lack of privacy controls for sensitive commercial transactions
•  💧 Fragmented liquidity across multiple chains

Circle said Arc addresses these challenges by offering instant and irreversible transaction settlement (known as deterministic finality), predictable fees priced in stablecoins, optional privacy features that support regulatory compliance, and built-in connections to other blockchains and traditional financial systems.

Arc’s public testnet launched in October 2025, with the mainnet beta rollout expected sometime in 2026.

USDC as native gas

By using USDC, a digital currency backed by real-world assets, Circle aims to eliminate the need for volatile tokens to pay transaction fees. The network can also support other stablecoins as gas via a paymaster system.

According to Circle, Arc’s fee model builds on Ethereum’s EIP-1559 architecture but replaces block-level adjustments with a weighted moving average of network demand. This smoothing mechanism keeps fees low and predictable. Fees are denominated in USDC and directed to an on-chain Arc Treasury.

“Arc’s fast finality and native gas coupled with Circle’s CCTP and Gateway interoperability service-as-a-stablecoin liquidity hub, enable USDC to move across the blockchain ecosystem freely,” Mayer said. “So builders and users can be on the networks that fit their needs while still tapping Arc’s stablecoin-optimized rails.”

This design enables dollar-based, auditable, and stable fee structures, which Circle said are better suited to financial institutions than speculative token models.

Deterministic settlement and consensus

Arc’s consensus layer is powered by Malachite, a Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) engine based on Tendermint. Validator selection is currently permissioned and based on operational resilience, geographic distribution, and regulatory compliance. Plans include a transition to a “permissioned” Proof-of-Stake mechanism, according to Circle.

To reduce the chance for abuse, the Circle is developing tools like encrypted mempools, batch transaction processing, and multi-proposer consensus, all aimed at ensuring fairer execution in financial applications.

The ARC token

Circle published the Arc white paper in May 2026, outlining the ARC native token’s role as the “coordination mechanism” of the Arc network as it transitions to a proof-of-stake consensus model. 

Under this model, a “permissioned” set of validators produces blocks and maintains the network, with rewards from inflation-funded issuance and fee-derived revenue converted into ARC.

With the Arc network designed as an “holistic platform that will expand over time,” ARC’s role will likewise expand as “new capabilities emerge” in each layer of the stack, including applications, developer kits such as agentic SDKs, and protocol services.

ARC stakers may receive “discounted transaction rates” and “preferential access” from ecosystem partners including Circle’s crosschain transfer operations and stablecoin minting.

The initial supply of ARC tokens will be 10 billion, with issuance of new tokens expected to begin at an annual rate of 2–3%. The long-term objective is “inflation neutrality,” according to the white paper, with the exact timeline dependent on network growth.

Of the initial ARC token supply, 60% is allocated to the ecosystem, to fund developer grants, token sales and other participation mechanisms. 25% is allocated Circle, while 15% will go to a long-term reserve, acting as a buffer against “unforeseen conditions.”

Opt-in privacy for institutions

Arc includes a modular privacy system designed to balance compliance with confidentiality. The first feature, confidential transfers, shields transaction amounts while keeping addresses visible. Smart contracts interact with a cryptographic backend via precompiles, using Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) for private computation.

Institutions can selectively disclose data to regulators or auditors via view keys. Over time, Arc plans to support:

• Private state and confidential computation
• Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs)
• Multi-party computation (MPC)
• Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE)

Circle’s tools connect fiat and USDC across Arc and other blockchains: Mint converts fiat to USDC on Arc, CCTP transfers USDC by burning and reminting it across chains, and Gateway offers chain-agnostic USDC balances with built-in liquidity rebalancing for wallets and apps.

“Arc strengthens the broader multichain ecosystem by unlocking new use cases, partners, and institutional liquidity on-chain,” Mayer said. “Builders and users can be on the networks that fit their needs while still tapping Arc’s stablecoin-optimized rails.”

Positioning in the blockchain ecosystem

Arc enters a competitive environment that includes public Layer-1 blockchains such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana, stablecoin-focused chains like Plasma and Frontier, Layer-2 networks such as Arbitrum and Base, and private or semi-public networks operated by payments firms.

Circle’s differentiator is its existing position in the market as the issuer of USDC, one of the largest stablecoins.

By building a purpose-specific chain for programmable, compliant financial operations, Arc aims to extend the utility of stablecoins beyond payments and into real-time settlement, tokenization, and global capital.

In May 2026, Circle announced a $222 million token presale for ARC, with the token achieving a $3 billion fully diluted valuation. The raise was led by VC firm Andreessen Horowitz with a $75 million investment, with other participants including BlackRock and Apollo Funds.

By building a purpose-specific chain for programmable, compliant financial operations, Arc aims to extend the utility of stablecoins beyond payments and into real-time settlement, tokenization, and global capital.

“Regulatory clarity is often a catalyst for institutional adoption,” Mayer said, adding that Arc is designed to be “enterprise-grade.”

Editor’s note: This story was originally published on September 20, 2025 and last updated with new details on May 17, 2026.